How to Make Keto-Friendly BBQ Rubs: Easy Recipes

How to Make Keto-Friendly BBQ Rubs: Easy Recipes

Mastering the Art of Keto-Friendly BBQ Rubs for Flavorful Grilling

What Exactly Are Keto-Friendly BBQ Rubs?

How to Make Keto-Friendly BBQ Rubs: Glass jars of keto-friendly BBQ rubs on a rustic table with grilled meats and spices.

How to Make Keto-Friendly BBQ Rubs: These expertly crafted seasoning blends are designed to adhere to the principles of the ketogenic diet, which focuses on significantly reducing carbohydrate intake while increasing healthy fat consumption. These rubs are specifically formulated to enhance the savory flavors of your favorite grilled meats, all while steering clear of sugars and high-carb ingredients that could disrupt your state of ketosis. The hallmark of a remarkable BBQ rub is its ability to amplify the natural flavor profile of meats, elevating them into mouthwatering dishes without introducing unnecessary carbs that might hinder your dietary goals.

For those who love outdoor grilling and barbecuing, keto-friendly BBQ rubs offer an exciting opportunity to indulge in rich, flavorful meals without the guilt typically associated with traditional seasoning blends. Picture a juicy rack of ribs or a succulent chicken breast, expertly seasoned with the perfect mix of spices that not only heightens flavor but also seamlessly aligns with your health objectives. Enjoying delicious meals has never been easier or more satisfying!

What Are the Essential Ingredients in Keto BBQ Rubs?

When creating a keto-friendly BBQ rub, the choice of ingredients is paramount. The foundational elements typically include basic staples like salt and pepper, which provide essential seasoning to any dish. From this base, a diverse range of spices can be introduced to craft distinct flavor profiles that can cater to various meats and cooking styles.

Key ingredients often featured in these rubs include:

  • Garlic Powder: Brings a savory depth to the mix, enhancing overall flavor.
  • Onion Powder: Adds a touch of sweetness and complements meats beautifully.
  • Paprika: Offers a mild heat and vibrant color, making dishes visually appealing.
  • Cumin: Infuses a warm, earthy flavor that pairs exceptionally well with beef.
  • Chili Powder: Delivers a spicy kick, enhancing the complexity of flavors.

These ingredients are chosen not only for their flavor contributions but also for their low carbohydrate content, which makes them perfect for individuals following a keto lifestyle. By utilizing these spices, you can create a delicious seasoning that aligns with your health goals while providing an explosion of flavor in every bite.

Ready to Press Play?

What Are the Advantages of Using Keto Rubs?

Incorporating keto-friendly BBQ rubs into your culinary routine can yield a range of impressive benefits that resonate with health-conscious individuals. Here are several key advantages:

  • Maintains Ketosis: These rubs prevent the inclusion of sugars and high-carb ingredients, helping you stay within your carb limits.
  • Enhances Flavor: They significantly boost the taste of grilled meats, ensuring every meal is memorable and far from bland.
  • Versatile Use: These rubs can easily be adapted for various types of meats, including chicken, beef, pork, and even vegetables.
  • Promotes Healthier Cooking: They encourage healthier cooking methods like grilling or smoking, which are preferable to frying or slathering on heavy sauces.

With these myriad benefits, it's clear why an increasing number of people are turning to keto-friendly BBQ rubs to elevate their culinary experiences while adhering to their dietary needs. Enjoy the fusion of flavor and health in every meal!

Expert Tips for Crafting Your Own Keto-Friendly BBQ Rubs

Jars of spices on a wooden table with grilled meats, in a sunny backyard BBQ setting.

How Do Culinary Experts Recommend Creating Effective Rubs?

Culinary experts suggest adopting a foundational approach when developing BBQ rubs, highlighting the importance of starting with a solid base. A combination of salt and pepper serves as the cornerstone, enabling optimal flavor enhancement without overwhelming the palate. Following this base, you can introduce a variety of spices such as paprika, cumin, and chili powder, tailoring the blend to the specific meat being prepared.

For example, when grilling beef, a bolder spice profile featuring ample cumin and chili powder can create a delightful experience. In contrast, chicken often benefits from lighter herbs like thyme or oregano that complement its subtle flavors. Renowned pitmasters often play with ratios, adjusting them to achieve a balance that enhances the meat's inherent flavors while crafting a unique culinary signature.

A well-liked expert-recommended keto rub might consist of two tablespoons of paprika, one tablespoon of garlic powder, and a dash of cayenne for added heat. Such combinations not only elevate the dish but also encourage cooks to explore a variety of flavor dimensions that make their meals unforgettable.

What Common Mistakes Should You Avoid When Making Your Own Rubs?

When crafting your own keto-friendly BBQ rubs, certain missteps can detract from the overall experience. A common mistake involves incorporating high-carb ingredients like sugars or flour, which can easily derail your keto objectives. Moreover, over-salting can overshadow the meat's natural flavors, resulting in an unpleasant taste that can ruin the dish.

To sidestep these pitfalls, experts advise starting with small test batches so you can adjust flavors before committing to larger quantities. Another critical error is failing to balance flavors effectively; excessive heat can overpower the dish, while insufficient seasoning can leave it bland. Always take into account the type of meat and the desired flavor profile to ensure a harmonious blend that impresses your palate.

How Can You Experiment with Different Flavors in Your Rubs?

A chef blends paprika, stevia, cayenne, and erythritol into a keto-friendly BBQ rub in a vibrant kitchen.

Experimentation is a fundamental element of developing your signature keto-friendly BBQ rub. Start by trying out different combinations of spices that reflect your personal taste preferences. For instance, pairing the smokiness of paprika with the sweetness of stevia can create exciting contrasts that delight your taste buds.

Taking practical steps can lead to delightful discoveries in flavor. Begin with a base recipe and gradually introduce new spices, adjusting ratios to find your ideal balance. Consider adding heat through cayenne or enhancing sweetness naturally with keto-friendly substitutes like erythritol. Keeping a flavor journal can help you document successful blends and refine your recipes over time for future culinary adventures.

In addition to spices, think about incorporating fresh herbs like rosemary or thyme after cooking to add a vibrant, fresh taste. This layered approach will not only elevate your dishes but also keep your meals exciting and diverse, ensuring you never tire of your culinary creations.

Identifying Key Spices for Keto BBQ Rubs

What Spices Are Most Effective for Keto Rubs?

The selection of spices is crucial in crafting flavorful keto-friendly BBQ rubs. The most effective spices are those that deliver robust flavors while adhering to low-carb guidelines. Here are some of the top choices:

  • Paprika: Offers a sweet and smoky flavor, making it ideal for enhancing meats.
  • Cumin: Provides an earthy warmth that complements beef and pork exquisitely.
  • Chili Powder: Infuses a spicy kick, perfect for those who enjoy a bit of heat.
  • Garlic Powder: A kitchen staple that adds savory richness to the mix.
  • Onion Powder: Contributes mild sweetness and depth, rounding out the overall flavor profile.

These spices not only add flavor but also contain minimal carbohydrates, making them perfect for those on a keto diet. The synergy of these spices creates an impactful flavor experience that transforms ordinary meats into extraordinary culinary delights.

How Can You Source Quality Spices for Your Rubs?

Sourcing high-quality spices is essential for achieving optimal results in your keto BBQ rubs. Specialty stores and local farmers' markets often offer fresh, high-quality spices that can elevate your culinary creations. When shopping, look for organic and non-GMO options to ensure both purity and flavor integrity.

Online retailers also present a vast array of options, allowing you to explore unique blends from around the globe. Seek out brands that prioritize freshness and quality, as these factors greatly impact the potency of flavors in your rubs.

Additionally, consider purchasing spices in bulk to save money and reduce packaging waste. Once you bring them home, remember to store them properly, as freshness is key to maintaining vibrant flavors in your rubs.

What Are the Best Practices for Storing Spices to Maintain Freshness?

To keep your spices fresh and flavorful, proper storage is crucial. Spices should be kept in airtight containers to minimize exposure to air and moisture. A cool, dark location, such as a pantry or cupboard, is ideal for storing spices, as light and heat can degrade their quality over time.

Moreover, consider using smaller containers for frequently used spices to ensure easy access and reduce the risk of contamination from moisture. Regularly check expiration dates and replace any spices that have lost their potency. By following these straightforward storage practices, you can maintain the integrity of your spices and enhance your keto BBQ rubs.

Step-by-Step Guide to Creating Your Own Keto BBQ Rubs

What is a Basic Keto BBQ Rub Recipe?

Creating your own keto BBQ rub is both simple and gratifying. A basic recipe can be prepared with just a few essential ingredients, allowing you to customize it to your liking. The foundational mix typically consists of salt, pepper, garlic powder, onion powder, and paprika.

To create a basic keto rub, follow these steps:

  • Gather all your ingredients and tools.
  • In a mixing bowl, combine equal parts of salt, pepper, garlic powder, onion powder, and paprika.
  • Mix thoroughly until all ingredients are well-blended.
  • Store the rub in an airtight container until you’re ready to use it.

This straightforward recipe serves as a launching pad for more complex blends. The beauty of creating your own rub lies in your ability to adjust and innovate as you desire, ensuring every BBQ experience is tailored to your unique palate.

How Can You Customize Your Rub for Different Types of Meat?

Customizing your BBQ rub to complement different types of meat is essential for achieving optimal flavor. Each type of meat possesses distinctive qualities that can be enhanced with specific spices. For example, beef often shines with a bold spice profile, making cumin and chili powder excellent choices for a rich flavor.

For chicken, consider milder herbs like thyme or rosemary to enhance its delicate flavor without overpowering it. If you’re grilling pork, a blend containing a hint of sweet spices like cinnamon or allspice can elevate the taste beautifully. Adjusting your rub based on the meat type not only enhances flavor but also showcases your culinary creativity and expertise.

By experimenting with various combinations and ratios, you will discover new favorites while ensuring that you maximize the flavor potential of each cut of meat you prepare.

What Advanced Techniques Can You Use for Crafting Rubs?

Elevating your BBQ rub game involves utilizing advanced techniques that can enhance flavor and texture. Layering flavors is a powerful method; start with a dry rub, followed by a wet marinade infused with your favorite spices. This two-step process allows for deeper penetration of flavors into the meat, resulting in an intensely flavored dish that captivates the palate.

Another advanced technique involves using a high-heat sear to create a crust on your meat. This caramelization process, known as the Maillard reaction, enhances both taste and texture, making your BBQ dishes even more enjoyable. To achieve this, apply your rub generously and sear the meat before reducing the heat to finish cooking.

Additionally, consider incorporating a wet rub, which combines your dry spices with oil or vinegar. This method facilitates a more even coating and helps the spices adhere better during the cooking process. Experimenting with these techniques will elevate your BBQ experience and impress your guests with your culinary skills.

How Should You Store Your Keto BBQ Rubs for Optimal Freshness?

Proper storage of your keto BBQ rubs is crucial for preserving their freshness and flavor potency. Store your rubs in airtight containers to minimize exposure to air and moisture, which can degrade flavor over time.

Keep the containers in a cool, dark place, such as a pantry or cupboard, to further enhance their longevity. Consider labeling your containers with the date made and the ingredients used, ensuring easy reference for future use.

For maximum freshness, it’s advisable to use your homemade rubs within six months. If you detect any off-smells or notice color changes, it may be time to dispose of the rub and create a new batch. By following these storage guidelines, your rubs will remain flavorful and ready to enhance all your favorite dishes.

How Can You Use Keto BBQ Rubs for Smoking and Grilling?

Keto BBQ rubs are perfect for enhancing the flavor of both smoked and grilled meats. To achieve the best results, apply your rub generously to cover all surfaces of the meat. This ensures consistent flavor throughout the dish and helps create a delicious crust during the cooking process.

When smoking, consider the type of wood you use, as it can complement the flavors of your rub. For instance, hickory pairs beautifully with beef, while fruit woods like apple or cherry can enhance the sweetness of pork or chicken.

Adjust your cooking times based on the size and type of meat to achieve the perfect tenderness and crust. The right rub combined with proper cooking techniques will yield mouthwatering results that keep you and your guests coming back for more.

Research-Backed Advantages of Making Keto-Friendly BBQ Rubs

How Do Keto Rubs Contribute to a Healthy Diet?

Keto rubs play a significant role in supporting a healthy diet by delivering flavor without the addition of sugars or high-carb ingredients. By focusing on low-carb spices and avoiding traditional high-carb seasonings, these rubs can assist individuals in maintaining ketosis, which is vital for those committed to a ketogenic lifestyle.

Research indicates that adhering to low-carb diets can lead to improvements in metabolic health, effective weight management, and enhanced overall well-being. The flavorful experience that accompanies the use of keto rubs encourages individuals to savor their meals without compromising their dietary goals. This, in turn, fosters consistent adherence to their chosen eating plans, promoting long-term health benefits and satisfaction.

What Do Studies Reveal About Flavor Enhancement?

Studies suggest that incorporating a variety of spices can significantly enhance the flavor of foods, making meals more enjoyable and satisfying. This is particularly crucial for those on strict dietary regimes, as flavorful food can lead to increased adherence to dietary plans, such as the keto diet.

The enjoyment of food is a pivotal factor in maintaining a healthy lifestyle; the richer the flavor, the more likely individuals are to feel satisfied and less inclined to stray from their desired eating patterns. Keto rubs, packed with diverse spices, offer a compelling solution to elevate everyday meals and keep dietary monotony at bay, ensuring that your culinary journey remains exciting.

How Do Keto Rubs Influence Cooking Methods?

Keto rubs can greatly influence cooking methods by promoting healthier techniques such as grilling and smoking. Both of these methods excel in achieving delicious flavors while avoiding unhealthy fats or cooking methods that compromise your health.

The application of keto rubs encourages the Maillard reaction, which occurs when proteins and sugars in the meat react under heat, resulting in enhanced flavor and texture. This not only elevates the taste but also contributes to the visual appeal of your culinary creations. By embracing these cooking methods, you can maximize flavor while sticking to a healthy lifestyle that promotes well-being.

Tips for Perfecting Your Keto BBQ Rubs

How Can You Balance Flavors in Your Rub?

Balancing flavors in your keto BBQ rub is essential for creating a well-rounded seasoning that enhances your meats without overshadowing their natural taste. Achieving this balance involves adjusting the ratios of salt, spice, and heat to suit your preferences.

Begin by tasting as you go; this ensures that each ingredient harmonizes with the others and contributes positively to the overall flavor. Consider the inherent flavors of the meat you are using and tailor your rub accordingly. For example, a sweet rub might pair beautifully with a fatty cut of pork, while a spicier rub could complement leaner cuts perfectly.

Here are some valuable tips for balancing flavors:

  • Start with a small batch to test flavors and ratios.
  • Incorporate both sweet and savory elements for added depth.
  • Be mindful of the spice level and adjust it according to your heat preference.
  • Use fresh herbs or citrus zest to brighten the flavor profile.

With these strategies in mind, you can refine your rubs for maximum flavor impact that will impress everyone at your next BBQ gathering.

What Techniques Can You Use for Evenly Applying Rubs?

Even application of your BBQ rub is crucial for ensuring consistent flavor throughout the meat. To achieve this, consider using a shaker or your hands to distribute the rub evenly across all surfaces of the meat. Utilizing a generous amount will help you cover every inch of the meat, enhancing the overall flavor experience.

Another technique is to gently massage the rub into the meat, allowing the spices to adhere better and penetrate the surface more effectively. This method not only ensures an even coating but also helps the flavors meld with the meat during cooking, resulting in a more satisfying and flavorful dish.

Remember to allow your rub time to work its magic; letting the meat rest with the rub before cooking can significantly enhance flavor absorption and lead to better-tasting results that will keep your guests raving.

What Are the Best Practices for Storing Your Rubs?

Storing your keto BBQ rubs properly is key to preserving their freshness and potency. One of the best practices is to keep your rubs in airtight containers to shield them from air and moisture exposure. This will prevent degradation of flavor over time.

Label your containers with the date made and the ingredients used to help you keep track of their freshness. Store your rubs in a cool, dark place, away from heat sources or direct sunlight, which can impact their quality. Aim to use your homemade rubs within six months to ensure optimal flavor and effectiveness in your culinary endeavors.

By following these storage guidelines, your rubs will remain vibrant and full of flavor, ready to enhance all your favorite dishes whenever you need them.

How Can You Use Keto BBQ Rubs in Creative Ways?

What Are Some Innovative Applications for BBQ Rubs?

Keto BBQ rubs are not limited to just meats; their versatility allows for creative culinary applications that can enhance a wide array of dishes. For example, consider using your rubs on roasted vegetables, where the spices can transform ordinary sides into flavorful accompaniments that everyone will love.

You might also experiment by incorporating rubs into marinades, mixing them with healthy fats like olive oil or avocado oil for a delicious grilled chicken or fish dish. Another inventive use is to sprinkle rubs on nuts and seeds, creating a unique and satisfying snack that aligns with keto principles and satisfies your cravings.

Expanding your culinary repertoire with these innovative ideas can enhance your diet and keep mealtime exciting, ensuring you enjoy the full range of flavors keto-friendly ingredients can offer.

How Can You Incorporate Rubs into Non-BBQ Dishes?

Beyond traditional BBQ applications, keto rubs can elevate a multitude of non-BBQ dishes, infusing them with rich flavors. Adding a BBQ rub to soups and stews can significantly enhance their overall profile, transforming them into comforting and satisfying meals.

Consider using rubs to season roasted vegetables, enhancing their natural sweetness and adding depth to their flavor. You can also experiment with adding a pinch of rub to salad dressings or dips to provide a unique twist that beautifully complements the main ingredients.

When you think outside the box, you'll discover countless ways to incorporate your keto rubs into various meals, ensuring you never get bored with your dietary choices while enjoying diverse flavors every day.

How Can You Pair Rubs with Different Cooking Methods?

Pairing your keto BBQ rubs with various cooking methods can yield distinctly different flavor profiles and textures. Grilling is a popular method that allows the rubs to form a delicious crust, preserving moisture within the meat and enhancing flavor.

Smoking is another excellent technique, as the slow cooking process allows the flavors to develop and meld over time, resulting in a rich and satisfying dish. Alternatively, roasting can create a caramelized exterior while maintaining tenderness inside, creating a delightful contrast of textures.

Each method brings out unique characteristics in the rub and the food, so don't hesitate to explore different combinations. Discovering how various cooking techniques interact with your rubs will expand your culinary horizons, keeping your meals diverse and enjoyable, and making every cooking experience a new adventure.

What Is Involved in Creating Custom Rub Blends?

Embarking on the journey of creating your own custom rub blends can be both exciting and rewarding. Start by experimenting with various spices and herbs to find combinations that resonate with your taste preferences. Mixing different spices can lead to unique flavors tailored specifically to your palate, ensuring that your BBQ experience is personalized.

Consider balancing sweet and savory elements for a well-rounded flavor profile or introducing herbal notes for a fresh twist that invigorates your dishes. Keep in mind that documenting your experiments will help you refine recipes and replicate successful blends in the future.

Your custom rubs can elevate your keto dishes and maintain excitement in your kitchen, contributing to a fulfilling culinary experience that keeps you engaged and satisfied with every bite.

Proven Strategies for Crafting Keto-Friendly BBQ Rubs

How Can You Develop a Signature Keto Rub?

Creating a signature keto rub requires a thoughtful approach to experimentation and creativity. Begin with a solid base recipe, then explore various spices and herbs that align with your flavor preferences. Adjusting the ratios can lead to remarkable discoveries; for instance, a sprinkle of cayenne could add the perfect amount of heat to your mix, making it uniquely yours.

Taste testing is crucial; always sample your rub on small portions of meat to fine-tune the flavors before applying them to larger quantities. Documenting your journey will help you understand what works best for your palate, eventually leading to a signature blend that you can proudly share with family and friends, showcasing your culinary prowess.

What Are the Best Practices for Applying RRubrics Effectively?

Effectively applying rubs involves several best practices that can enhance the flavors of your dish. Start by ensuring that the meat is dry before applying the rub; this helps the spices adhere better and promotes an even coating. Use your hands to massage the rub into the meat, ensuring thorough coverage across all surfaces.

Allow the rub to rest on the meat for at least 30 minutes, or ideally several hours, to enable the flavors to penetrate deeply. When it comes to application, consider the size and flavor profile of the meat; larger cuts may require a more generous amount of rub to ensure that every bite is bursting with flavor.

How Can You Adjust Rubs for Specific Dietary Needs?

Adjusting your BBQ rubs to meet specific dietary needs involves careful consideration of ingredient substitutions. For instance, those following a low-sodium diet might prefer salt-free blends, relying on herbs and spices to provide flavor without added sodium.

Suppose you need to avoid allergens such as garlic or cumin. Experiment with alternatives like ginger or smoked paprika to maintain flavor complexity without compromising your health. Always taste your adjusted rubs to ensure they meet your expectations, and document these modifications to help refine your blends for various dietary restrictions in the future.

Avoiding Common Mistakes with Keto BBQ Rubs

What Are the Dangers of Over-Seasoning Your Meat?

Over-seasoning is a frequent pitfall that can lead to disappointing results when using BBQ rubs. The key to a great rub lies in balance; too much seasoning can overpower the meat's natural flavors, rendering it unpalatable and disappointing.

To avoid this, it's essential to start with smaller amounts of spices and gradually build up the flavor to your liking. Taste as you go to ensure that the seasoning complements rather than overwhelms the dish. Ultimately, a well-seasoned dish should enhance the meat's flavor without masking it entirely. Practicing moderation will help you create rubs that elevate your BBQ experience to new heights.

How Can You Prevent Cross-Contamination in the Kitchen?

Cross-contamination is a significant concern in the kitchen, especially when working with raw meats. To prevent this, always use separate utensils and containers for raw and cooked meats. Store your rubs away from potential contaminants, and always wash your hands and surfaces after handling raw ingredients.

Implementing these practices will help ensure a safe cooking environment and maintain the integrity and flavor of your rubs, allowing you to enjoy your meals without worry.

What Are the Risks of Using Expired Spices?

Using expired spices can lead to diminished flavor potency and potential health risks. Spices lose their vibrancy over time, resulting in bland or off-tasting dishes that fail to impress. Always check expiration dates and adhere to proper storage guidelines to maintain freshness and flavor integrity.

If you notice that your spices have lost their aroma or changed in color, it’s time to replace them. Prioritizing high-quality spices is essential for creating delicious keto BBQ rubs that enhance your culinary experience, ensuring every meal is a delight.

How Can You Avoid Clumping in Your Rubs?

Preventing clumping in your BBQ rubs is crucial for ensuring an even distribution of flavors. Store your rubs in airtight containers and keep them in a cool, dry place to minimize moisture absorption that can cause clumping.

Additionally, consider adding a small amount of rice or using a desiccant packet in the container to absorb excess moisture. Regularly check your rubs for signs of clumping and break them up gently if necessary to maintain a fine texture that is easy to use and distribute.

Frequently Asked Questions

What Ingredients Can I Use in a Keto-Friendly BBQ Rub?

Common keto-friendly ingredients include salt, pepper, garlic powder, onion powder, paprika, cumin, and chili powder. These ingredients help keep carb counts low while maximizing flavor.

How Should I Store My Homemade BBQ Rubs?

Store your homemade BBQ rubs in airtight containers placed in a cool, dark location. This helps maintain freshness and potency for up to six months.

Can I Use Keto Rubs on Vegetables?

Absolutely! Keto BBQ rubs can enhance the flavors of roasted vegetables, making them a fantastic side dish or snack option that aligns with your dietary preferences.

What Is the Best Way to Apply BBQ Rubs to Meat?

Apply rubs generously to dry meat, massaging it into the surface for even coverage. Allow the rub to rest on the meat for better flavor absorption before cooking.

Are There Any Sugar Alternatives I Can Use in BBQ Rubs?

Yes, sugar alternatives such as stevia, erythritol, and monk fruit can add sweetness to your rubs without the carbs associated with traditional sugar.

How Often Should I Replace My Spices?

Check your spices every six months to a year. If they have lost their aroma or their color has changed, it’s time to replace them for optimal flavor.

Can I Make a Large Batch of BBQ Rubs?

Yes, you can certainly make large batches! Just remember to store them properly in airtight containers to keep them fresh for extended periods.

What’s the Difference Between Wet and Dry Rubs?

Wet rubs combine spices with oil or liquid to create a paste, while dry rubs consist solely of dry spices. Both can be effective depending on the desired flavor and cooking method.

How Can I Make My Rub Spicier?

To increase the spice level, add cayenne pepper, crushed red pepper flakes, or a spicier chili powder to your blend for that extra kick.

Can I Use Leftover Rubs for Other Dishes?

Yes, leftover rubs can be utilized in marinades, sprinkled on snacks, or added to sauces for an extra burst of flavor, broadening your culinary options.

Connect with us on Facebook!

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *